Comic Book Comics: Notes on Sources
- The designation of October 18, 1896 as the date of the tectonic shift in comic art comes from Bill Blackbeard and Martin Williams (eds.) The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press & Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1977. p. 14. This is the strip in question. All events cited on Page One were gleaned at random from the October 19, 1896 New York Times.
- On-line resources for The Yellow Kid are impressive, including Mary Wood's "Yellow Kid on the Paper Stage" site and the home page of the R. F. Outcault society. See also R. C. Harvey Children of the Yellow Kid: The Evolution of the American Comic Strip. Seattle: Fry Art Museum, 1998. pp. 13, 15, 17, 18, 20.
- Schon vs. Luther: Craig Yoe. Craig Yoe's Weird But True Toon Factoids. New York: Gramercy Books, 1999. 93.
- Kant discusses the connection between sequence and time in Section II of "Transcendental Aesthetic", Part First of the Transcendtal Doctrine of Elements in Critique of Pure Reason (1781). Eisner coined the term "sequential art" in Comics & Sequential Art (1985).
- "Yellow journalism": Harvey 20, Yoe 77.
- Bud Fisher and his innovations: Yoe 15, Blackbeard 15-16, 58-59, Harvey 23, 26, 33; "...prominent position across the top": Harvey 34
- Birth of King Features: Don Markstein's Toonopedia.
- Winsor McCay: Harvey 23, BPIB bio site and John Canemaker's 1976 documentary "Remembering Winsor McCay" on Image Entertainment's excellent DVD collection Winsor McCay: The Master Edition.
- Watch a sizeable chunk of Gertie the Dinosaur on YouTube. McCay even began work on a sequel! When I curated the exhibit "Toon Town: New York City in Comic and Cartoon Art" for MoCCA in 2004, I was priviledged to hold in my hand an original cel from Gertie generously lent by Bob West, the voice of Barney via Heidi Leigh and Animazing Gallery, and up close I can tell you McCay's linework is so fine it's still astounding almost 100 years since it was drawn.
- "Max, you're a bright young man": Richard Fleishcer. Out of the Inkwell: Max Fleischer and the Animation Revolution. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2005. 15.
- "I spotted this magazine...": Greg Theakston, Ed. The Complete Jack Kirby Volume One: 1917-1940. Atlanta, GA: Pure Imagination, 1997. 12.
- "...story is worth more...": ThePulp.Net.
- Pulp vital statistics: "The Bloody Pulps" by Jim Steranko (originally printed in Steranko's History of Comics, Vol. 1, 1971).
- The Hugo Gernsback story: Chapter 11 of Ron Goulart's Cheap Thrills: An Informal History of the Pulp Magazines (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1972). Gerard Jones. Men of Tomorrow: Geeks, Gangsters, and the Birth of the Comic Book. New York: Basic Books, 2004. 55-56. "The present order of civilization...": (Wonder Stories, Vol. 4, No. 10), reprinted by The (now defunct) Pulp Zone web site.
- Illustration v. cartooning: Harvey 76, 95; "Golden Age of Adventure Strips": Toonopedia on Tarzan
- Jack Kirby's childhood: Glenn B. Fleming. "The House That Jack Built." The Collected Jack Kirby Collector. John Morrow, Ed. Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing, 1998-2000. 3 vols. Volume Two, Page 15. (References to the Collected Jack Kirby Collector will hereafter be abbreviated to "CJKC" [volume number]:[page number]. Ergo, reference to Fleming, here, would read CJKC 2:15.
- See also Kirby biography in "Lord of Light" promotional package (reproduced CJKC 2:102-3). Ken Viola, "Jack Kirby: Master of Comic Book Art," CJKC 1:130-1. Jack Kirby. "Street Code." Jon B. Cooke and John Morrow, Eds. Streetwise: Autobiographical Stories by Comic Book Professionals. Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing, 2000. 20.
- Many thanks also to Eric Evans and Gary Groth of The Comics Journal, who kindly provided me with a copy of the raw transcript of Groth's 1989 interview with Jack and Rosalind ("Roz") Kirby. The comprehensive interview covers most of Kirby's life and career and filled in many gaps in the artist's early years.
- Siegel background: Jones 37-38, 72, 77-79, 82-85. Also Les Daniels. DC: Sixty Years of the World's Greatest Heroes. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1995. 20-21.
- Siegel's first fanzine was called "Science Wonder Stories" (Jones 37).
- Fleischer/Disney rivalry: Leonard Maltin. Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. New York: McGraw Hill, 1980. Ch. 3. See also Leslie Cabarga. The Fleischer Story. New York: De Capo Press, 1998. Fleischer comes up with spinach: R. Fleischer 54-5.
- Fleischer childhood: R. Fleischer 2-3. Disney childhood: Anthony Lane. "Wonderful World." The New Yorker. 12/11/2006: 67-75. Nat Gerbler. Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. 19-22. "You can't eat medals": R. Fleischer 74.
- Head animator system: Maltin 92-95. "I hated it": Theakston, Kirby Volume One, 17.
- "The super-strength and action...": Jones 116. For more on the influence of Fleischer Popeye, check out this excellent video essay by Keith Phipps for Slate magazine.
- 1937 Fleischer Strike: R. Fleischer 90-92. "14 Pickets Seized in Broadway Fight." The New York Times May 8, 1937: 5. "Movie Studio Strike Voted by 100 Workers." NYT May 7, 1937: 9. "I'm Popeye the Union Man": R. Fleischer 91.
- Making of Snow White: Gabler Ch. 6; rejected dwarf ideas: Gabler 220; casting animators: Gabler 233; rotoscoping Snow: Gabler 262-3; Reaction: Gabler 272-273, R. Fleischer 94.
- Fliescher moves to Florida: R. Fleischer 95-96. Kirby would claim (CJKC 2:112, for example) to have left Fleischer Studios a few months before the 1937 strike, but also always gives as the primary reason for his leaving (CJKC 2:15, Theakston (1940-1941) p. 8, et al) their transfer to Florida, which happened almost a full year later. Also in CJKC 2:15, however, Kirby says that "it's fortunate I didn't go [to Florida] because soon after [the studio] moved, they all went on strike and men were laid off." I am operating on the assumption that while in later life Kirby mistakenly believed that the strike and the move were coterminous occurrences, events did indeed unfold as we present them in CBC #1.
- The birth of the comic book: Mike Benton. The Comic Book in America: An Illustrated History. Dallas: Taylor Publishing, 1989. 14-17. Coulton Waugh. The Comics. Brooklyn: Luna Press, 1974. 335-342. Jones 99-101. Gaines' contribution: Frank Jacobs. The Mad World of William M. Gaines. Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1972. 54-6.
- Poor ol' Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson: Jones 101-102, Benton 17-18; Daniels, DC, 14-15.
- Early Siegel and Shuster comics & Superman's Creation: Daniels, DC 16-17, 20-23; Jones 38, 109, 113-116. Many thanks to Comics Should Be Good's Brian Cronin for turning me on to this essay, which discusses on Wylie's influence (or lack thereof) on Siegel and emphasizing the John Carter of Mars connection. Regale to the adventures of "Henri Duval of France, Famed Soldier of Fortune!"
- Visit Blakeney Manor to learn more about The Scarlet Pimpernel than you could possibly stand. Percy's poem can be found in Chapter 12 of the original novel.
- Zorro background from the 2000 documentary The Many Faces of Zorro, written by Philip Dye.
- The Wonderman Debacle: Bob Andelman. Will Eisner: A Spirited Life. Milwaukie, OR: M Press, 2005. 43-45. Eisner thinly fictionalizes the Wonderman story in his autobiographical graphic novel The Dreamer (Kitchen Sink 1986).
- Kirby Meets Fox, Simon Meets Kirby: Joe Simon with Joe Simon. The Comic Book Makers. Lebanon, NJ: Vanguard Press, 2003. 29-33. "I'm the King of the Comics!": Simon 30 (Simon: "Every artist got the Fox monologue treatment."). "Don't want no Rembrandts!": Pierce Rice, interviewed in The Comics Journal #219, January 2000: 86. Simon Background: Simon 20-28; Theakston, Kirby Volume One, 97-102; Will Eisner. "Shop Talk: Joe Simon." Will Eisner¹s Spirit Magazine. October, 1982: 20-27, 37-39.
- Kurtzberg Becomes "Kirby": Simon 41; 1940 comic book statistics: Benton 32.
- "Artists sat lumped": Jules Feiffer. The Great Comic Book Heroes. New York: Dial Press, 1966. 50. 51.
- Comic Shop Stories: Pimp: Gil Kane in The Comics Journal 04/1996: 57; "Well how much do you need?": quoted by Joe Kubert in TCJ 11/1994: 64; "below digging ditches": Ibid 67.
- Funnies, Inc. and Martin Goodman: Les Daniels. Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1993. 17-23. See also Theakston, The Complete Jack Kirby Volume Two: 1940-1941. Atlanta: Pure Imagination, 1997. 11-14. Writing "Roman" backwards: Marvel Comics Vol. 1 No. 1. New York: Marvel, 1990. 39.
- Simon & Kirby at Timely: Daniels, Marvel, 32-52; Theakston, Kirby Volume Two, 236-245; Simon 42-53. "Started with the villain": CJKC 1:54. "The bastard is alive": Simon 43. "The pressure was trememndous ... needed a superpatriot": Theakston, Kirby Volume Two, 238. Lamppost threat: CJKC 1:181. La Guardia Help: Simon 45. Sentinals of Liberty ad copy: Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. Captain America: The Classic Years 2. New York: Marvel Comics, 2000. 42.
- Stan Lee, nee Stanley Lieber: Stan Lee. Excelsior! New York: Simon & Schuser, 2002. Ch. 2; Simon 46.
- "the spread about Joe and me..." would be "Up, Up and Awa-a-y! The Rise of Superman, Inc." John Kobler. Saturday Evening Post. June 21, 1941. 14, 15, 70-78. All quotations and statistics from this page are from that article.
- Walt Disney's Comics and Stories: Benton, America, 30, 107-8, 158.
- S&K defect to DC: Daniels, DC, 64. Simon 53, 58-61. "I'm your man"; "Martin is furious": Simon 53. "I'm gonna kill him": Joe Simon related this story either at the Joe Simon Panel or the Jack Kirby Tribute Panel at the 1999 Comic-Con International, a combined transcript of the both may be found in Jack Kirby Collector #25, "More Than Your Average Joe", downloaded off TwoMorrows web site.
- Biro meets voyeur: Simon 56-57; also Mike Benton. The Illustrated History of Crime Comics. Dallas: Taylor Publishing Co., 1993. p. 20.
- Gil Kane tells the Western Union girls' locker room story in his interview with Gary Groth in The Comics Journal 04/1996:48-49. See also Jones 192-193.
- The Lev Gleason Story: Benton, America 124-135, Crime 19-22; Jones, 192, 235. Everything I know about the Lev Gleason Daredevil comes from Don Markstein's Toonopedia.
- CDNP letters practices: Benton, Crime, 29
- Origin of Mr. Crime: Ibid 27-28. Jitter along with the adventures of Mr. Coffee Nerves here.
- CDNP Sales Figures: Benton, America 125, Crime 35.
- Titles that magically turned into crime comics once the trend began include Fox super heroes Blue Beetle and Phantom Lady, Marvel's venerable Sub-Mariner (which was re-titled Official All-True Crime Cases) and, under the guidance of Simon & Kirby, Crestwood's Headline Comics. Note the dramatic pre-crime and post-crime difference!
- Chicago crime comics ban: Greg Theakston, Ed. The Complete Jack Kirby March-May 1947. Atlanta: Pure Imagination, 1988: p. 108.
- Anti-crime comics legislation and Gleason's reaction: Benton, Crime, 75-76; a Gleason crime comic cover covered (pun intended) in disclaimers may be seen here.
- Post-Code Fate of CDNP & Its Creators: Benton, Crime 85-97, Jones 281-282, Simon 151-153, Yoe 106.
- Most NYC papers covered Bob Wood's gruesome murder of his lover, but our account comes specifically from the Daily News, 09/14/1958: 3. See also "Cartoonist Held as Slayer." The New York Times 08/28/1958: 28.
- See the cover to the last issue of Crime Does Not Pay here-- Note the big ol' Comics Code Authority seal of approval on it!
- Captain Marvel's circulation woes: Benton 43.
- The Archie Comics story: Don Markstein's Toonopedia; Benton, America, 34-5, 93-5, 181-3.
- The best historical survey of romance comics may be found in Chapter Two of Trina Robbins' From Girls to Grrrlz: A History of Women's Comics from Teens to Zines. (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1999). For the birth of Young Romance, see Robbins 50-52; Simon 122-125; Benton 141-2; Theakston, Kirby 1940-1941, 88, 119 and Kirby March-May 1947, 7-8; and Robert Greenberger. "Comics Find True Love." Millennium Edition: Young Romance Comics #1. New York: DC Comics. April 2000: inside covers. Also Richard Howell. "Kirby's Romance Women: Tough Enough?" CJKC 5:64-66. Genre statistics: Benton, America, 46.
- "I hope they put out more"/"borders on pornography": Simon 112.
- 1947 comic book industry statistics: Waugh 334.
- Early comics criticism: Amy Kiste Nyberg. Seal of Approval: The History of the Comics Code. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1998. Chs. 1-2.
- Crazy Ole William Moulton Marston: Daniels, DC, 58-61; Jones 205-211; Nick Gillespie. "William Marston's Secret Identity: The strange private life of the creator of Wonder Woman." Reason. May 2001; Marguerite Lamb. "Who Was Wonder Woman 1?" Bostonia. Fall 2001.
- "blood-curdling masculinity"/"cynical enough"/"willing slaves": Daniels, DC, 58; "When women rule"/"preference in story strips": Olive Richard. (a/k/a Olive Byrne.) "Our Women Are Our Future." Family Circle August 14, 1942. Reprinted at The Wonder Woman Pages web site; "psychological propaganda": Les Daniels. Wonder Woman: The Complete History. New York: Chronicle Books, 2000. 22; "sold more comics": Daniels, DC, 61; enjoy submission: Lamb, web page 3.
- All-American Comics: Daniels, DC, 48-63; Jacobs Ch. 3; "Where's Bill?": Ibid 56-7
- E.C.'s New Trend: Jacobs Chs. 4-7; Benton 112-116; "how long it took Moses": Jacobs 59-60; "old man's stockroom boy": Ibid 63; pencil sharpener suggestion: Ibid 78.
- "Evil twin brother": Dick DeBartolo. Good Days and MAD: A Hysterical Tour Behind the Scenes at MAD Magazine. New York: Thunder¹s Mouth Press, 1994. 192-3.
- "Americans are good guys": Greg Sadowski (ed.) The Comics Journal Library Vol. 7: Harvey Kurtzman. Seattle: Fantagraphics, 2006. 104. "To the right of the sulpha": Jacobs 82. "If I was going to tell kids anything about war": Sadowski 24; "the average comic-book guy" Ibid 43. Research Tales: Ibid 64. "I wasn't making any money": Ibid 111. Protesting horror comics: Ibid 108.
- "Important contributing factor": Wertham's Senate testimony, from the transcript in Maurice Horn (ed.) The World Encyclopedia of Comics. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. 871.
- "No child should be diagnosed": H. L. Mosse. "The Misuse of the Diagnosis Childhood Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatry. 1958 Mar; 114(9):791-4. Wertham biography: Nyberg Ch. 4.
- "Easier to sentence a child to life": Nyberg 33. Revenue quote: Benton 48.
- "Lack of modulation": Richard Warshow. "Paul, the Horror Comics, and Dr. Wertham." Commentary vol. 17 (1954). Reprinted in Jeet Heer and Kent Worcester. Arguing Comics: Literary Masters on a Popular Medium. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2004. 69. Warshow's praise of Krazy Kat, "Woofed with Dreams" from The Parisian Review (1946), may be found on pp 63-66.
- "Distinction between 'bad' and 'good'": Ibid 76.
- "Irritated pleasure": Ibid 68.
- "You're a humorist": Jacobs 85.
- "Indiscriminate anarchy": Heer & Worcester 68.
- "I was pretty bitter": Sadowski 44.
- "Desecrated Christmas": David Hajdu. The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008. 220.
- "If you open the door": Attributed to Anthony Comstock (1844-1915).
- "Crime comic book for parents": Heer & Worcester 77.
- "The group most anxious to destroy comics": William M. Gaines and Jack Davis. "Are You a Red Dupe?" The Haunt of Fear #26. July-August 1954.
- "Hitler was a beginner": Horn 880.
- "Good taste": Jacobs 109.
- "Stupid, stupid, stupid": Hajdu 271.
- "No Harm in Horror": Peter Kihss. "No Harm in Horror, Comics Issuer Says." The New York Times. April 25, 1954: A1.
- "It was like the plague": Hajdu 326.
- "Most severe set of principles": Nyberg 112.
- "Too violent": Lee, Excelsior, 96.
- "Comics were a bastard form": Jacobs 117.
- "Russian beatnik": Marshall McLuhan. Understanding Media. 1964. Reprinted in Heer & Worcester 109.
- "Unsuitable for reproduction": Nyberg 81.
- "Not the cause": Ibid 83.
- The full story on E.C. fandom can be found in Chapter One of Bill Schelly's The Golden Age of Comics Fandom. Seattle: Hamster Press, 1995.
- R. Crumb's Childhood: The film Crumb, directed by Terry Zwigoff (1994). Chapters 1-2 of R. Crumb and Peter Poplaski. The R. Crumb Handbook. London: MQ Publicatins Ltd., 2005.
- "Forced me to draw": Peter Poplaski, Ed. The R. Crumb Coffee Table Art Book. Boston: A Kitchen Sink Book for Little, Brown and Company. 1997. 3. See also R. Crumb "Treasure Island Days" (1978), reprinted in Crumb Coffee Table, 20-21.
- Disneyland (the TV show): Gabler 511-513.
- "I lived, breathed and ate": Sadowski 14.
- "The real importance of Foo": Crumb Handbook 100.
- Science Fiction/Double Feature: Julius Schwartz with Brian M. Thomsen. Man of Two Worlds: My Life in Science Fiction and Comics. New York: Harper Collins, 2000. Benton, America, 171-174. Michael Uslin, Ed. Mysteries in Space: The Best of D.C. Science Fiction Comics. New York: Fireside, 1980.
- "A whole new audience": Schwartz 87.
- "Spread disease": Schelly 23. "Fantastic Coincidence": Ibid. 24.
- Kirby v. Schiff: Jon B. Cooke. "The Story Behind Sky Masters." CJKC 3:147-151.
- Atlas Shrugged: Jim Vadeboncoeur, based on a story uncovered by Brad Elliott. "The Great Atlas Implosion." CJKC 4:134-7; Lee, Excelsior, Ch. 8; Daniels, Marvel, Ch. 3. Patsy Walker crosshatch: Al Jaffe to Sam Henderson in The Comics Journal #225 (July 2000) 41.
- American News anti-trust case: Nyberg 125-6; "on the Titanic": Excelsior 99. "Sixteen titles" meant eight titles per month, or, in practice, 16 bi-monthly titles published every other month.
- "Quite a novel idea": Schwartz 97; Lee's monologue is adapted from Ch. 1 of Stan Lee's Origins of Marvel Comics. New York: Fireside, 1974.
- "I wrote an outline": Excelsior 114-5. I saw a reproduction of the original outline for Fantastic Four #1 on display at the MoCCA exhibit Stan Lee: A Retrospective in 2007.
- "I'd be writing a story for Kirby ... lazy man's device": CJKC 4:143.
- "The best thing": R.C. Harvey. The Art of the Comic Book: An Aesthetic History. Jackson: Mississippi Press, 1996. 44.
- "The Twentieth-Century Mythology": "O.K., You Passed the 2-S Test--Now You're Smart Enough for Comic Books." Esquire. September 1966: 115. It's worth noting that this article, one of the earliest mainstream pieces on Marvel, describes Stan Lee as "the author of Marvel's ten super-hero comics" (emphasis mine). Although Jack Kirby provides the illustrations for the tongue-in-cheek piece, other than his signature on his art, his name, nor Ditko's, nor any other artist's, is mentioned anywhere in the article.
- "Stan Lee was being foisted on me": Alex Ross, in The Comics Journal #224, June 2000, 78.
- "I like very much": Nat Freedland. "Super-Heroes with Super Problems." The New York Herald Tribune Sunday Magazine. January 9, 1966. Reprinted CJKC 4:156.
- "ESP sessions": Ibid. 159. Roy Thomas, Lee's assistant, who was called in to witness the same session the reporter observered, reports on Kirby being upset about it -- and Stan being embarrassed -- in an interview in CJKC 4:148.
- "I'm gonna blow": Gil Kane interview, Comics Journal #186 April 1996, 95.
- Ditko and Ayn Rand: Ch. 6 of Blake Bell. Stranger and Stranger: The World of Steve Ditko. Seattle: Fantagraphics, 2008.
- "Mysticism": Ayn Rand. "The Objectivist Ethics," from The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet, 1964. 29.
- "They are all abstractions": Steve Ditko. "Roislecxe." in The Avenging Mind. Bellingham, WA: Robin Snyder and Steve Dtko, 2008. 9. "Executing is creating": Ibid. 10. "Like someone wanting a building": Ibid. 11.
- Ditko departs: Bell 94-5.
- Lee himself admits Kirby was the sole creator of the Silver Surfer in his own Son of Origins (Fireside 1975), p. 206.
- "The backbone of Marvel": CJKC 4:181.
- "A very strong afterimage": Janis Hendrickson. Roy Lichtenstein. Koln, Germany: Taschen, 2006. 10.
- "More as an observer": Ibid 20.
- Lichtenstein's process is described in detail in "Is He the Worst Artist in the U.S.?" Life Magazine. January 31, 1964.
- Beer cans as art: Klaus Honnef. Pop Art. Koln: Taschen, 2004. 21.
- "How can you like exploitation?": Hendrickson 39.
- "A wish dream": Cited by Jules Feiffer. The Great Comic Book Heroes. New York: Fireside Books, 1966. 43.
- "It's a Bird! It's a Plane! It's Superman!": Daniels, DC, 146-7.
- "I thought they were crazy": Joel Eisner. The Official Batman Batbook. Chicago: Contemporary Books, Inc., 1986. 6.
- "I loathed the word 'camp'": Adam West with Jeff Rovin. Back to the Batcave. New York: Berkeley Books, 1994. 98-100.
- Jack Jackson background: Patrick Rosenkranz. "Jack Jackson's Long Rough Ride Comes to an End." The Comics Journal #278. October 2006. 20-26; Rosenkratz. Rebel Visions: The Underground Comix Revolution, 1963-1975. Seattle: Fantagraphics, 2002. 16-26. "putting one over on the bigwigs": "Ride" 22.
- Chet Helms, a/k/a Family Dog: Joel Selvin. "Chet Helms, aka Family Dog, celebrated along with his era." San Francisco Chronicle. October 31, 2005. B-1; also Bio on Janis Joplin Estate site.
- "Medically unfit": Frank Stack's interview of Gilbert Shelton in The Comics Journal #187.
- Birth of Rip-Off Press: Patrick Rosenkranz. "Underground Publishers." The Comics Journal #264; Jack Jackson. "Rip-Off Press: The Golden Era." 1988. Reprinted in The Comics Journal #278: October 2006. 29-32. See also Rebel 90-94; 132-4. "...Texas Mafia...": "Ride" 22-3.
- Crumb in New York: Rosenkranz 53-56.
- "The only thing we had in common": Documentary The Confessions of Robert Crumb, written by Crumb.
- "My mind was a garbage receptacle": Crumb Handbook 60.
"'What the hell does it all mean?'": Ibid 132.
- Help! as "first underground comic": Jay Lynch, attributed in Rosenkranz 27.
- "A Tribtue to Dr. Strange": Bell 78.
- "Crazy and helpless ... egoless state": Handbook 132.
- "Got room for one more?": Ibid 127.
- "Some of that free love action...I couldn't get with it": Crumb (Zwigoff).
- "I thought he must be an old man": Rosenkranz 69.
- "Turning up in all the windows in Haight Street": Crumb (Zwigoff).
- "The real big vision": Rosenkranz 71.
- "Masses of humanity being gassed": Ibid 120.
- "'I'm beautiful, I'm spiritual'": Ibid 67.
- "I got too much love": Ibid 137.
- "Completely biltzkreiged": Dez Skinn. Comix: The Underground Revolution. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2004. 49.
- "Internment camps": Rosenkranz 143.
- "We can't stop you": Ibid 162.
- "Dependent on no outside force": Ibid 182.
- Spider-Man vs. the Comics Code: Daniels, Marvel, 152-154.
- "That was supposed to be a joke": Handbook 172.
- "I was the meat": Ibid 189, 194.
- "'Til the bubble bursts": Rosenkranz 170.
- "You can't win!": Confessions of R. Crumb.
- Much of the information in this piece comes from the work Bob Levin, specifically "The Pirate and the Mouse: Part 2." The Comics Journal #239. November 2001: 34-63; and "Disney's War Against the Counterculture." Reason. December 2004. See also Skinn 56-7, 148-9 and Rosenkranz 197-204.
- "Rape our sisters": Robert L. Garland. "The Sky River III Story."
- "Pair of hands for the counterculture": Levin, "Pirate", 35.
- "Outrage at '50s America": Ibid 38.
- "Living Grimm Brother": Rosenkranz 202.
- ³Why have a fight if no one comes?²: Levin, "Pirate", 40.
- "Are you Dan O'Neill?": Ibid 41.
- "It's still a line... deal with the image ... Jonathan Swift ... obliterating copyright protection": Levin, "Disney's War".
- "If you do something stupid twice": Levin, "Pirate", 52.
- The 2 Live Crew 1994 Supreme Court case is Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music.
- Le Journal de Mickey at Disney Comics Worldwide site; "The Deadly Side of French Comics History" by Spider Rocket (2003).
- Tintin's Nazi Troubles: Michael Farr. The Adventures of Hergé, Creator of Tintin. San Francisco: Last Gasp, 2007. Chapter Three.
- Heavy Metal: Dave Cail's HM fan site. Gary Groth and Kim Thompson. "'We're All Lunatics.': The Heavy Metal Interview." The Comics Journal No. 49. September 1979: 42-50. Gary Groth. "A Life on the Fringe of Comics: The Ted White Interview." The Comics Journal No. 59. October 1980: 56-81.
- "Another outlet": Groth and Thompson, "Heavy Metal," 43.
- Comics Implosion: Benton 77, 80; "The DC Implosion" by David R. Black at Fanzig #27 (July 2000).
- Star Wars, Epic Illustrated: Daniels, Marvel, 177, 183-4. "The way it works in the real world": "Rick Marschall on EPIC: 'Every Comic Book Publisher Should Be Doing This...'" The Comics Journal No. 40. September 1979: 9-10.
- Many thanks to Jeff Trexler of uncivilsociety.org, a well-known blogger on legal issues in comics, for reviewing this story for Fred and Ryan.
- "An employee who hires another": Playboy vs. Dumas, 53 F.3rd 549 (2d. Cir. 1995). The exact wording of the 1909 Copyright Act may be found here.
- "To have and to hold forever": Joanne Siegel and Laurel Siegel Larson v. Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc., Time-Warner, Inc., and DC Comics, Inc. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFFS¹ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT; ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS¹ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT. (Central District of California 2008) 10.
- The copyright notices cited are part of the defendants' exhibits in the legal action cited above. "Employees of a Work Made for Hire": National Peridoical Publications, Inc. Certificate of a Registration of a Claim to Renewal Copyright dated May 18, 1939. R. #388937. The acrimony between Siegel and various DC employees, including Liebowiz, is nakedly evident from the correspondence included in same.
- Siegel & Shuster vs. DC, Round 1: Jones 225-6, 244-9.
- Robinson discusses his contributions to Batman in his interview with The Comics Journal (#271, October 2005), 82-3.
- Siegel & Shuster vs. DC, Round 2: Mary Breasted. "Superman's Creators, Nearly Destitute, Invoke His Spirit." The New York Times. November 22, 1975. 31. Siegel¹s reaction to Puzo deal: Jones xi-xiii.
- Jack Kirby's legal troubles with Marvel Comics, over Joe Simon and his art, are ably summarized by John Morrow. "Art vs. Commerce." The Jack Kirby Collector #24. April 1999: 28-31.
- Robinson & Adams's fight for Siegel & Shuster: Jones 319-323.
- "Specially ordered or commissioned": 17 U.S.C. 101.
- The sorry state of the Marvel original art storage facility from 1975 to 1980 is delineated by ex-employee Irene Vartanoff in Tom Heintjes. "Where did all the art go?" The Comics Journal #10" February 1986: 16-22.
- "Asks for a Jack Kirby": Tom Heintjes. ³The Negotiations: Jack Kirby discusses his efforts to retrieve his art from Marvel Comics.² The Comics Journal #105. February 1986: 59. "I sold them stories": Ibid 58.
- "Provide as a gift": The complete text of the agreement Marvel originally wanted Kirby to sign may be found on the inside front cover of The Comics Journal #105.
- "I can't sign it...I have more respect for you": Heintjes, "Negotiations," 54. "They're grabbers": Ibid 59.
- "More money for creating Darkseid": Hour Twenty-Five radio talk show transcript (1986). CJKC 4:209.
- Howard the Duck suit: John Morrow. "The Other Duck Man." CJKC 2:72-75.
- Blade suit: The trial transcripts are reprinted (in part) in "Creators Rights on Trial: Marv vs. Marvel, Part 2." The Comics Journal #239 November 2001: 68-112. The judge's quotation comes from 111.
- DeCarlo vs. Archie: Eric Walsh. "Dan DeCarlo, Archie Artist and Creator Of Josie and the Pussycats, Is Dead at 82." The New York Times. December 23, 2001.
- Simon vs. Marvel, Round 2: Michael Dean. "Joe Simon Claims Cap Copyright." The Comics Journal #219. January 2000. 8-10. "Talking to himself": Simon 96.
- "Subject to termination ... after seventy years": Siegels vs. DC, Order on Motions for Partial Summary Judgment. 48, 72.
- The Looking Glass: Paul Gravett & Peter Stanbury. Great British Comics. London: Aurum Press Ltd., 2006. 8.
"The boy's concentration": Martin Barker. A Haunt of Fears: The Strange History of the British Horror Comics Campaign. London: Pluto Press Ltd., 1984. 11. Communist Party involvement in UK comics campaign: Barker Ch. 3. "This American vulgarisation": Ibid 25. Text of the Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act: Ibid. 16.
- National Comics Publications v. Fawcett Publications: Jacobs 262.
- "This became a preoccupation": The Mindscape of Alan Moore (Shadowsnake Films 2003), Written, produced and directed by Dez Vylenz.
- "World's most inept LSD dealer": Inside Out East, BBC, airdate March 31, 2008.
- "Better about an English superhero": George Khoury (ed.) Kimota! The Miracleman Companion. Raleigh, NC: TwoMorrows Publishing, 2001. 11.
- Dead and buried: Gravett & Stanbury 109.
- "Do what you like": Khoury 10. For Skinn's side of the story, see Khoury 41.
- "Thirty people in anoraks": Mindscape of Alan Moore.
- "Applying real world logic": Khoury 23.
- "Put in a taxicab": Dave Gibbons. Watching the Watchmen. London: Titan Books, 2008. 124. "Batman and Robin!": Ibid 241.
- Kevin Standlee & Cheryl Morgan of the Hugo Awards give a blow-by-blow explanation of Watchmen's award in this message board response on the Hugo site.
- "It¹s like a Xerox": Interview with Neil Gaiman. Conducted October 26, 1989 12:30 am. by Brian Hibbs, Owner of San Francisco¹s Comix Experience. Transcribed by Brian Hibbs. Edited by Brian Hibbs and Neil Gaiman.
- "A dog riding a bicycle ... doomed the mainstream": Adam Rogers. "Legendary Comics Writer Alan Moore on Superheroes, The League, and Making Magic." Wired. February 23, 2009.
- This account of the post-Eclipse battle for Miracleman comes from Hank Wagner, Christopher Golden and Stephen R. Bissette. Prince of Stories: The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2008. 224-229.
- "The most fertile inventor of combinations": David Kunzle. Father of the Comic Strip: Rodolphe Topffer. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007. Kindle Edition, Chapter Two. "The drawings, without the text": Ibid, Chapter Three.
- "Bringing details out of darkness": Lynd Ward. "On 'Gods' Man'." Lynd Ward: Six Novels in Woodcuts. New York: Library of America, 2010. Volume One, 783.
- The Classics Illustrated Story: Benton 123-124. William B. Jones. "Alfred Lewis Kanter." Jake Lake Productions, Inc Website. 2004. "We were the best": Benton 123.
- "Batman to Beowulf": Arnold Drake. "The Graphic Novel -- and How It Grew." Arnold Drake, Leslie Waller & Matt Baker. It Rhymes with Lust. Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse Books replica edition, 2007. 129.
- "Turning out a pornographic book": Mike Craton, Gary Groth, and Gil Kane. "Kane on Savage: An Interview with the Creator." Gil Kane's Savage! Stamford, CT: Fantagraphics Books, 1982. 50.
- "The best thing he ever saw": Gary Groth. "Gil Kane, Part I." The Comcis Journal #186. April 1996: 87.
- "The shape of the 60s": Art Spiegelman. "Intro." Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book. Princeton, WI: Kitchen Sink Press, 1988. ix.
- "Two years after meeting Lynd Ward": Art Spiegelman. "Reading Pictures." Lynd Ward: Six Novels in Woodcuts. Volume One, xxiv.
- "Mouse as the oppressed": Rosenkranz 189-190.
- "Man, you saved my ass": Andelman 150. "That sounds interesting": Ibid 290.
- "Absolute shock of an oxymoron": Gary Groth. "Interview: Art Spiegelman." The Comics Journal #180. September 1995: 76.
- "One thing that's irritating": Christopher Irving. "Art Spiegelman: Still Movin' With Comix." Graphic NYC (web site). November 24, 2009.
- "Hard to classify": Alessandra Stanley. "'Thousand Acres' Wins Fiction As 21 Pulitzer Prizes Are Given." The New York Times. April 8, 1992.
- Etymology of "manga": Frederik L. Schodt. Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1986. 18. Also Natsu Onoda Power. God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War Two Manga. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi 2009, Kindle ed. Ch1.
- Tezuka's early years: Helen McCarthy. The Art of Osamu Tezuka: God of Manga. New York: Abrams, 2009. Ch1.
- "Jail editor": Schodt 51. "Poor-quality, harmful": McCarthy 20.
- "I wept": Power Ch7.
- "ItÕs just like I am watching a movie!": Fujuko Fujio A, in Futari de shonen manga bakari kaite ita (All We Ever Did Was Draw Boys' Comics), quoted by Power Ch3. "One in three": Ibid.
- "News: Astro Boy a Japanese Citizen?" AnimeNewsNetwork. March 30, 2003.
- Disney meets Tezuka: McCarthy 158.
- The entire text of "Introduction to the Gekiga Workshop" (a/k/a Gekiga Manifesto) may be found on page 730 (in Japanese) and (in English) 852 of Yoshihiro Tatsumi. A Drifting Life. Translated by Taro Nettleton. Montreal: Drawn & Quarterly, 2009.
- "Anything he wished": Power Ch3.
- The Star System: McCarthy Ch2, Power Ch4.
- "Amplification through simplification": Scott McCloud. Understanding Comics. Northhampton, MA: Tundra Press, 1993. 30.
- "In contrast to the American comic": Schodt 23.
- American manga statistics: Jason Thompson. "How Manga Conquered the U.S., a Graphic Guide to Japan's Coolest Export." Wired. October 23, 2007. Many thanks to Kurt Hassler, the buyer mentioned in the article who heled spearhead the manga bookstore revolution in the US (now with Hachette) who kindly spoke with me about past and present issues in American manga publishing, particularly the threat posed by scanlations (see next chapter).
- "One of the answers": Power Ch8. "The God of All Comics": Ibid Ch1.
- "Dope out for ourselves": Maggie Thompson. "A quarter century of delivering comics: Steve Geppi's company gets comics to stores." Comics Buyer's Guide #1628. May 2007: 27.
- "That's crazy!": Michael Dean. "Fine Young Cannibals: How Phil Seuling and a Generation of Teenage Entrepreneurs Created the Direct Market and Changed the Face of Comics." The Comics Journal #277. July 2006: 56. "Didn't really care": Ibid 53.
- "A few years before" means 1977 for Superman versus Dazzler in 1981. Dazzler's stats come from Benton 82; Supes' from Joe Brancatelli. "The Comic Books: Death by the Numbers." Eerie #96. October 1978: 17.
- Direct Market growth statistics: Dean 53, 54. "Not enough product": Ibid 57. See also "Jack Kirby Return to Comics with Cosmic Hero." The Comics Journal #65. August 1981: 23.
- The B&W Boom & Bust: Gary Groth. "Black and White and Dead All Over." The Comics Journal #277. July 2006: 60-67.
- The Perleman Marvel Saga: Dan Raviv. Comic Wars. New York: Broadway Books, 2002. R. Walker and Josh Neufeld. "The Comic Book Villain." Titans of Finance. Alternative Comics. 2001. (iBooks edition.)
- The Speculator Fiasco of the 1990s: The Comics Journal #222. April 2000: 12. See also Dirk Deppey. "Suicide Club: How Greed and Stupidity Disemboweled the American Comic-Book Industry in the 1990s." The Comics Journal #277. July 2006: 69-75. "Pick the cotton...The Plantation": Michael Dean. "The Image Story, Part One: Forming an Image."
- As a Marvel freelancer at the time, I actually received the court notice announcing Marvel's bankruptcy in 1996.
- Thanks again to Hachette's Kurt Hassler and Orbit's Alex Lencicki for discussing the challenge of digital piracy and scanlation to American manga publishing with me.
- Ryan and I asked pirates to tell their stories to us via our web site and anonymous email; the source for much of the historical perspective of scanning and piracy comes from an ex-scanner by the name of Jamie Coville, who gave us permission to name him as a source. "Okay! Full steam ahead!" comes from an email he wrote us on April 14, 2011.
- Some useful industry studies include the IFPI Digital Music Report 2011 and a 2010 survey by the Pew Internet and American Life Project.
- Inman interview: GR. "Pease Porridge Pot. The Economist. December 29, 2010.
